Biology For Class X - Chapter No. 4 - Support And Movement - Long Question Answers

 

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CHAPTER 4: SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT
C. EXTENSIVE RESPONSE QUESTIONS

DETAILED NOTES AND QUESTIONS
Q.1: Define movement . Also define movement in plants and Describe types of movement on the basis of stimuli and responses?
Ans: Movement:
Living organisms show responses towards stimuli are called Movement.

OR

Any action taken by living organs to reduce its irritability produce by stimuli are called Movement.

OR

Protoplasm of a living cell irritates when there is a change in its environment. Due to this irritability the living organism take some action to reduce its irritation these actions called movement.

Movement in Plant:

• Plant responds to stimuli by adjusting the rate of growth and osmotic condition. While respond to these stimuli by changing their position either towards or away from stimuli.
• The movement can also occur at cellular level, like cyclosis in cell or the movement of chromosomes towards their respective poles during cell division etc.

Type of Movement
All living organism have property of locomotion due to nutrients, shelter and reproduction mainly plants are sessile while animals are usually motile therefore they respond to stimuli in different ways.

Types Of Movement On The Basis Of Stimuli:
On the basis of stimuli there are two type of movement.

1. Autonomic Movement:
   Movement which occurs due to internal stimuli factor inherent inside the plant body itself are called Autonomic or spontaneous movement.
   Examples are cramps.
   
   
2. Paratonic Movement:
   The movement occurs due to external stimuli are called paratonic or Induce Movement.
   Examples are reflex action.

Types of Movement on the basis of responses:
There are three type of movement on the basis of responses.

1. Locomotory Movement or Taxis or Tactic:
   These are types of movement where organism changes its place either toward or away from stimulus.
   Example: Ususally found in animals bacteria and protozoa.
   
   
2. Tropic Movement:
   It is a type of growth movement in which organism move towards or away by growing their organs.
   Like growth of root towards water and minerals while growth of stem towards light.
   Example: Usually this movement is seen in plants, fungi or in bacterial colony etc.
   
   
3. Nastic Movement:
   This is the type of movement where change in osmotic water occur due to stimuli.
   Example: It is purely found in plants like touch me not (which close leave when touch) etc.

Q.2: Differentiate between movement and locomotion?
Ans: Difference Between Movement And Locomotion

S.NO.	Locomotion	Movement
1.	The movement of an organism from one place to another is known as locomotion.	Movement is generally defined as a state of changing the position from rest to motion or vice-versa
2.	Moving towards or away from the original position of an organism is locomotion.	Movement can happen with or without moving away from an organism’s original position.
3.	It is always voluntary.	It can either be voluntary or involuntary.
4.	Locomotion takes place at the organism level.	A movement takes place at the biological level.
5.	Locomotion doesn’t necessarily require energy.	Movement requires energy.

Q.3: Explain the types of skeleton.
Ans: TYPES OF SKELETONS
There are three main types of skeleton in animals.

1. Hydrostatic Skeleton
2. Exoskeleton
3. Endo Skeleton

1. Hydrostatic Skeleton (Hydro = water, static = to stay):

• A fluid filled cavity that acts like a skeleton is called hydrostatic skeleton.
• It is the simplest type of skeleton.
• Hydrostatic skeleton provides support and resistance to the contraction of muscle so motility results.
• It helps the organisms in extension or with drawl of body or organs.
• Example:
  Hydrostatic skeleton is found in annelids and other soft bodies invertebrate.
  In jelly Fish, help in propulsion by water.
  For example in earthworm coelomic fluid acts as Hydrostatic skeleton.

2. Exoskeleton (Exo = Outer):

• The skeleton present outside the body or organs are called Exoskeleton.
• It provides support and protection.
• It is non living in nature.
• In high animals made up of proteins.
• Example:
  It is found in arthropods ,Mollusca and higher animals.
  The exoskeleton of arthropods is made up of hard, non living substance called chitin.
  In Mollusca made up of calcium carbonate.

3. Endoskeleton (Endo = Inner):

• It is the skeleton present inside the body.
• It provides shape support and protection.
• It is living in nature and made up of cells.
• Bones and cartilages are two types of endoskeleton.
• Cartilages are made up of chondreocyte and bones are made up of osteocytes.
• Example:
  It is found in high animals.

Q.4: Define types of skeletal system in human?
Ans: The skeletal system of human is basically made up of two types of skeletons.

1. Cartilage
2. Bones

Both are rigid, cellular structure and type of endoskeleton.

Cartilage:

• Type of skeleton which is flexible
• It is made up of cells called chondrocytes embedded in a matrix of protein called collagen.
• It is much softer than bones as well as flexible.
• Calcication does not takes place.
• It covers ends of the bones and joints.
• No blood vessel penetrate into cartilage.

Bones:

• Type of skeleton which is harder.
• It is made up of cell called osteocytes embedded in a matrix of protein called collagen.
• It is harder due to the deposition of calcium phosphate, process is called calcification.
• Calcification takes place.
• It support the organ consists of an outer shell of compact bone.
• Blood vessels can penetrate into bone especially in spongy bones.

Q.5: Define human skeleton and categorize it as bone skeleton.
Ans: SKELETON:
The tough hard and rigid framework of the body which gives particular shape and support to animal body are called Skeleton.

Human Skeleton:
Human skeleton is the Endoskeleton present inside the human body. It consists of 206 bones.
In man endoskeleton on the bases of bones can be divided (categorized) into two groups.

1. Axial Skeleton:
The skeleton composed of skull, sternum, ribs and vertebral column are called Axial Skeleton.
It forms the main axis of the human body.
It includes:

• i. Skull (bones of head): It consist of 22 bones altogether.
• ii. Ribs Cage: Rib Cage is composed of 12 pairs of ribs.
• iii. Sternum: It is also known as breast bone. It is only one bone.
• iv. Vertebral Column: The vertebral column consists of 33 bones called vertebrate but due to fusion 26 bones are formed.

2. Appendicular:
The skeleton system consist of the appendages (Limbs) and their attachment to the axial skeleton includes pectoral (shoulder) and pelvis (hip) girdles and easy to move are called Appendicular skeleton. It includes pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle.

• Pectoral Girdle:
  The girdle present in shoulder region and attach the arm to the trunk are called Pectoral Girdle.
  It consist of two parts.
  1. Scapula ⟶ broad part
  2. Clavicle ⟶ Collar bone which connects scapula with sternum.
  
  Fore Limb
  The Fore Limb consist of:
  Humerus (1)
  Radius (1)
  Ulna (1)
  Carpals (8)
  Meta Carpals (5)
  Phalanges (14)
  
  
• Pelvic Girdle:
  The girdle present in lower region (hip region) and attached the hind limbs (legs) to the vertebral column are called Pelvic gridle.
  Each pelvic girdle consist of large bone called Innominate. It is formed by the fusion of three bones called:
  1. Illium
  2. Ischium and
  3. Pubis.
  
  Hind Limbs
  The hind limbs consist of:
  Femur (1)
  Tibia (1) + Patella (1)
  Fibula (1)
  Tarsals (7)
  Meta tarsals (5)
  Phalanges (14)

Q.6: Write a detailed note on joints.
Ans: JOINTS:
The point at which two or more bones connect each other are called Joint. They help in motility of skeleton.
Types of Joint on the Basis of Movement
Joints are classified on the basis of the amount of movement allowed by them, into two categories.

1. Immovable or fixed joints
2. Freely or Slightly Movable Joints

i. Immovable Joints
The joints fit together tightly like the pieces of a puzzle. These joints are called immoveable joints or fixed joints because they don’t allow the joining bones to move.
Example
Example of fixed joint are the joints of

• 8 bones of skull
• 3 bones of pelvic girdle

ii. Freely or Slightly Moveable Joints
The joints which allow the movement in several directions is called freely moveable joints.
while the joints which allow a little movement is called partially moveable joints or slightly moveable joints.
Example
Example of partially moveable joint is the attachment of ribs with vertebrate. These joints permit out ribs to moves ups and down while we breath.
Types Of Freely Movable Joints
Freely moveable joint that are present in human skeleton system are:
i. Ball and Socket Joint:
The joint which allow the movement in all directions or in many planes (such as forward, backward and sideways) even in a circle is called ball and socket joint.
In this joint ball like head of the long bone of leg and upper are fit into a cup like socket of girdle.
Example are Joint of hips and shoulder.

ii. Hinge Joint: The joints that allow the movement in one plane only i.e. in two directions such as show the back and forth movement is called hinge joint.
Example are Joint of fingers, elbow and knee.

iii. Pivot Joint: The joints which allow a twisting movement as well as side way movement is called pivot joint.
Example are Joints of elbow and skull connected to the spine are the examples of pivot joint.

iv. Sliding Joint: The joints which allow the bones to slides over one another and show the movement in many directions are called sliding joint.
Example are Joints of wrist and ankle.

v. Gliding Joint: The joints in which bones moves easily over one another in a back and forth manner is called gliding joints.
Example are: Joints of vertebral column that makes the back bone flexible are the example of gliding joint.

Q.7: Explain about Muscular System?
Ans: Muscular System
Muscles are connective tissues consist of fibrous cells. These tissues have a tendency to contract and relax. A muscular tissue is a group of specialized cells contain numerous filament of protein and perform a unique functions to generates a pulling force. There are more than 600 muscles in a human body and almost half of body weight is due to muscles.

Types of Muscles
There are three types of muscles in vertebrates

1. Skeleton Muscles
2. Smooth Muscles
3. Cardiac Muscles

1. Skeleton Muscles:
The muscles that are attached with the skeleton and associated with the movement of bones are called Skeleton Muscles.
Characteristics

• They are voluntary in nature .
• They can contract strongly and rapidly but fatigue quickly.
• They are also called striped or stride muscles because they show alternate dark and light band.

Functions:

• All the body parts are able to move due to the skeletal muscles.

2. Smooth Muscles:
The simplest type of muscles which form all the internal hollow body’s organs are the smooth muscles . They are found throughout animal kingdom. They are structurally very simple muscles. They are spindle shapes uni-nucleated cells. They are arranged in a sheet around the hollow organs of the body. These muscles are found in the blood vessels, digestive tract and many other organs.
Characteristics:

• These are unstriated muscles.
• They are involuntary in function
• They contract more slowly than skeleton muscles but can prolong their contraction for a long period of time.

Functions:

• They push the food to the digestive track.
• They empty the urinary bladder.
• They control the diameter of the blood vessels.
• They also control the diameter of the pupil of eye.

3. Cardiac Muscles:
The muscles which are present only inside the wall of heart are called Cardiac Muscles. They are uni nucleated or bi nucleated and branched so their fibres cannot be separated like that of a skeletal muscle.
Characteristics:

• These are striated muscles.
• They are involuntary in nature.
• They contract and relax continuously in a rhythmic pattern. This rhythmic contraction called heart beat.
• They have more mitochondria for continuous supply of energy to the tissues of heart.
• They regulate by the sino atrial node (SAN)

Functions:

• They pump the blood.

Q.8: What do you mean by  antagonism and antagonistic muscles? Also describe the Flexon and extension in human arm.
Ans: Support and locomotion is possible due to skeletal system and Musco skeletal system. The muscles which are attached with bones are called skeletal muscles. The contraction and relaxation of the skeletal muscles allows the bones to move.

Antagonism:
The skeletal muscles only exert a pulling force. When skeletal muscles relax, they are stretched by the contraction of another muscles. Which means that muscles are always found in pairs. One muscle contracts and the other relaxes .This type of working of two muscles against each other called is called antagonism.

Antagonisitic Muscles
The muscles work in pairs with one muscle working against the other are called Antagonisitic Muscles.

Working of Antagonistic Muscles:
The action of biceps and triceps muscles of arm is a good example of an antagonistic pair. The biceps and triceps are two major muscle groups of our arm that play a significant role in the movement of the upper extremities.

Biceps: The bicep muscle is a large muscle that lies on the front of the upper arm between the shoulder and elbow. It has two heads or origin.
Triceps: The tricep is also a large muscle on the back of arm. It is three headed or origin.

Flexon And Extension In Human Arm:
Flexon: When the biceps muscle contracts it pulls upon the radius bone of lower arm, which bend the arm at elbow, this bending process is called flexon.

Extensions: On the other side when triceps muscle contracts it pull on the ulna which straightens or extends the arm. The straighten process is called extension.

The triceps serve as an antagonist, or opposing, muscle of the biceps. When the biceps contracts the triceps relaxes and vice versa. It means that the biceps is the flexor muscle and tricep is the extensor muscle,

Q.9: Write about the deformities of skeleton in detail?
Ans: Human skeleton support and upright body. Sometimes in skeleton certain disorders are developed which weakens the skeletal system. These disorders are termed as Deformities of skeleton.
Causes of Deformities
Hypocalcemia:
The bones are hardened due to the deposition of calcium and phosphate. This process is called calcification. If Ca⁺⁺ deficiency occurs in body or blood, ultimately it occurs in bones as well . This deficiency of Ca in bone is called hypocalcemia or calcium deficiency disease. A long term calcium deficiency can lead to dental weakness, osteoporosis, in childhood rickets.

Osteoporosis:
It is a disorder related to the aging process. In this condition the bones become porous or more spongy, thinner and weaker so that they become fragile, in this condition a slight injury break the bone. Osteoporosis is more common in female than male.

Ricket:
Rickets is a skeletal disorder which is most common in children. It results in bowed legs and deformed pelvis. It includes the softening and weakening of bones.
Causes:
It is caused by deficiency of calcium in diet or an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D plays vital role in the absorption of Ca⁺⁺ , deficiency of vitamin D leads to deficiency of Ca in bone. Mainly it is caused by a lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. These nutrients are important for the development of strong, healthy bones. People with rickets may have weak and soft bones, stunted growth, and, in severe cases, skeletal deformities.

Arthritis:
Arthritis is the inflammatory or degenerative disease that damage the joints. It is the painful condition of joints due to swelling and tenderness of joint.
Causes:
The following factors are the causes of arthritis.

• Injury
• Abnormal metabolism
• Infection
• Auto immune system
• Genetic makeup
• Reduction in the normal amount of cartilage or synovial fluid

Symptoms:
The main symptom of arthritis are:

• Joint pain
• Tenderness and stiffness
• Inflammation in and around the joint
• Restricted movement of joint
• Warm red skin over the affected joint
• Trouble dressing, combing, gripping, bending over squatty or climbing stair.

Common Types:

• Osteoarthritis:
  It is a “wear and tear” type of disease.
  Cause:
  It is caused due to the overuse of joints, age, joint injury and obesity.
  Symptoms:
  It mainly effects the Joints that bear weight, like knees, hips, feet and spine.
  
  
• Rheumatoid Arthritis:
  In this disorder immune system attacks on joints.
  Cause:
  It is due to immune system i.e. autoimmune disorder.
  
  
• Psoriatic Arthritis:
  In this disorder joints and skin affects.

Role of obesity in Arthritis:
Obesity puts stress on joints, especially on knee, causing pain and develop worse condition in arthritis damage. The excessive fats tissues release high levels of cytokines proteins that can cause inflammation throughout body. The same protein produced by joints during rheumatoid arthritis . It makes existing joint inflammation more worse.

Q.10: Prove that the skeletal system is s dynamic system also explain remodeling?
Ans: The skeletal system is a dynamic system . it possesses the following qualities:

• It is made up of living tissues.
• It is capable of quick growth.
• It can adapt to stress and can repair itself after damage (injury).
• 5% to 10% of our bones dissolve away annually and are replaced by a new one.

Remodelling
The dissolved bones are replaced by new ones annually . This process is called remodeling while in the growing age our bones enlarge with the growth of the body.
The remodeling system allows a skeleton to alter the shape and size of skeleton in response to demands.
There are three types of cells associated with bones:

• Bones forming cells (osteoblast).
• Mature bone cell (osteocyte).
• Bone dissolving cells (osteoclast).

Bone remodeling is the result of coordinated activity of osteoclast and osteoblast. This coordination can be seen clearly at the time of repair of broken bone.

Process Of Remodeling:

Q.11: Define ligament and tendon and their role in movement?
Ans: Ligament:
Ans: The band of fibrous connective tissues by which bones are joined to one another at joints called ligament.

Role in Movement:

• It works as strong firmly attached ropes.
• It stabilizes the joint or hold the ends of two bones together.
• The strong connective tissue in the ligaments protects these structures and prevents them from bending twisting or tearing.

Tendon:
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones on either side of the joint by bands of tough, fibrous connective tissues called tendons.

Role in Movement:

• They are tougher and less elastic than ligaments.
• Tendon transfers the mechanical force of muscle contraction to the bones.
• It is strongly connected to muscles fiber at one end and to components of the bones at its other end. They are very strong, highly tensile.